Wetenschappelijk onderzoek over osteoperose

Het protocol voor de behandeling van osteoperose (botontkalking) is op basis van wetenschappelijke publicaties ontwikkeld. Hierbij is gebruik gemaakt van hoog gekwalificerd recent onderzoek dat wordt gepubliceerd in de PubMed database. placebo controlled onderzoek, meta analyses en reviews hebben de voorkeur. Dit soort onderzoek valt onder Evidence Based Medicine.

Alle artikelen en behandelingsprotocollen zijn volgens het zelfzorg principe geschreven. Bij zelfzorg is niet de arts of specialist maar de patiënt verantwoordelijk voor het correct uitvoeren van de behandeling. Toch adviseer ik patiënten om bij gezondheidsklachten eerst een arts te raadplegen. Een juiste diagnose is ook bij een zelfzorgtraject van onschatbare waarde. Als u reeds onder behandeling bent van een arts overleg dan met uw arts voordat u voedingssupplementen gaat gebruiken.

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Causes

1. Williams FM, Spector TD. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006 Jan-Mar;6(1):27-35. Recent advances in the genetics of osteoporosis
   It has been known for over 20 years that osteoporosis is highly influenced by genetic factors.[Article]

Supplements

Vitamine D3

1. Stránský M, Rysavá L. Physiol Res. 2009;58 Suppl 1:S7-S11. Nutrition as prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
   Meta analysis of 29 randomized trials showed that supplementation with calcium and vitamin D3 reduces risk of bone fractures by 24 % and significantly reduces loss of bone mass. [Article]
2. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):18-28. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes
   Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D intakes above current recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes. This review summarizes evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density (BMD), lower-extremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer. For all endpoints, the most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D begin at 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), and the best are between 90 and 100 nmol/L (36-40 ng/mL). In most persons, these concentrations could not be reached with the currently recommended intakes of 200 and 600 IU vitamin D/d for younger and older adults, respectively. An intake for all adults of > or =1000 IU (25 microg) vitamin D (cholecalciferol)/d is needed to bring vitamin D concentrations in no less than 50% of the population up to 75 nmol/L.[Article]
3. Lips P, Netelenbos JC. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 1985 Dec;16(6):239-45. Vitamin D deficiency and hip fracture
   Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in patients with hip fracture. Elderly people infrequently stay outside in the sunshine, and nutrition is deficient in vitamin D. In addition, the hydroxylation of vitamin D into active metabolites decreases with age. [Abstract]
4. Holick MF. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(12):1017-29. Optimal vitamin D status for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
   Vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness, increasing the risk of falls and fractures, and should be aggressively treated with pharmacological doses of vitamin D. Vitamin D sufficiency can be sustained by sensible sun exposure or ingesting at least 800-1000 IU of vitamin D(3) daily. Patients being treated for osteoporosis should be adequately supplemented with calcium and vitamin D to maximise the benefit of treatment.[Abstract]
5. Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O'Connell D. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD000227. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis
   Frail older people confined to institutions may sustain fewer hip fractures if given vitamin D with calcium. Vitamin D alone is unlikely to prevent fracture.[Abstract]
6. Xia WB, Zhang ZL, Wang HF, Meng XW, Zhang Y, Zhu GY, Xing XP, Liu JL, Wang LH, Jiang Y, Weng SF, Xu T, Hu YY, Yu W, Tian JP. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Mar;30(3):372-8. The efficacy and safety of calcitriol and/or Caltrate D in elderly Chinese women with low bone mass
   Treatment with Rocaltrol plus Caltrate D or Caltrate D for 12 months in elderly Chinese postmenopausal women effectively increased BMD at the lumbar spine. Rocaltrol plus Caltrate D was more effective at the lumbar spine than Caltrate D alone.[Article]
7. Hitz MF, Jensen JE, Eskildsen PC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):251-9. Bone mineral density and bone markers in patients with a recent low-energy fracture: effect of 1 y of treatment with calcium and vitamin D
   A 1-y intervention with calcium and vitamin D reduced bone turnover, significantly increased BMD in patients younger than 70 y, and decreased bone loss in older patients. The effect of treatment was related to physical performance.[Article]

Magnesium

1. Takami M, Shinnichi S. Clin Calcium. 2005 Nov;15(11):91-6. Bone and magnesium
   The half of magnesium exists in the bone. Although the long-term magnesium deficiency causes osteoporosis, most of them are accompanied by complications such as malabsorption syndrome or alcohol abuse. [Abstract]
2. Matsuzaki H. Clin Calcium. 2006 Oct;16(10):1655-60. Prevention of osteoporosis by foods and dietary supplements. Magnesium and bone metabolism
   Mg deficiency is known as a risk factor for osteoporosis, since Mg is essential mineral for normal bone growth.[Abstract]
3. Rude RK, Gruber HE, Norton HJ, Wei LY, Frausto A, Mills BG. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):79-85. Bone loss induced by dietary magnesium reduction to 10% of the nutrient requirement in rats is associated with increased release of substance P and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
   Dietary Mg intake has been linked to osteoporosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that severe Mg deficiency [0.04% of nutrient requirement (NR)] results in osteoporosis in rodent models.[Article]
4. Martini LA. Nutr Rev. 1999 Jul;57(7):227-9. Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover
   Two-thirds of total body magnesium content is located in the skeleton. Recently, there have been reports that high dietary magnesium intakes are associated with higher bone mineral density. The effect of magnesium supplementation on bone turnover has recently been investigated in young adults. However, the findings from these studies are conflicting. More studies are necessary to better elucidate the role of magnesium in bone health.[Abstract]
5. Rude RK, Gruber HE. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Dec;15(12):710-6. Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations
   According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the mean Mg intake for males and females is 323 and 228 mg/day, respectively. These intake levels suggest that a substantial number of people may be at risk for Mg deficiency, especially if concomitant disorders and/or medications place the individual at further risk for Mg depletion.[Abstract]
6. RIVM 2011: Dutch National Consumption Survey
   RIVM 2011: "Uit de peiling blijkt ook dat een deel van de bevolking minder vitamine A, B1, C en E, magnesium, kalium en zink binnen krijgt dan wordt aanbevolen. Onderzoek is nodig naar de effecten hiervan op de gezondheid".[Article]
7. Seelig MS. Magnes Res. 1990 Sep;3(3):197-215. Increased need for magnesium with the use of combined oestrogen and calcium for osteoporosis treatment
   If the commonly recommended dietary Ca/Mg ratio of 2/1 is exceeded (and it can reach as much as 4/1 in countries with low to marginal Mg intakes), relative or absolute Mg deficiency may result, and this may increase the risk of intravascular coagulation, since blood clotting is enhanced by high Ca/Mg ratios. Mechanisms by which Ca activates the various steps in blood coagulation that are also stimulated by oestrogen are considered here, as are the multifaceted roles of Mg that favourably affect blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, through its activities in lipoprotein and prostanoid metabolism.[Abstract]

Vitamine K2

1. Kaneki M. Clin Calcium. 2006 Sep;16(9):1526-34. Protective effects of vitamin K against osteoporosis and its pleiotropic actions
   Vitamin K is a nutrient originally identified as an essential factor for blood coagulation. Recently, vitamin K has emerged as a potential protector against osteoporosis and hepatocarcinoma. Accumulated evidence indicates that subclinical non-hemostatic vitamin K deficiency in extrahepatic tissues, particularly in bone, exists widely in the otherwise healthy adult population. Both vitamin K(1) and K(2) have been shown to exert protective effects against osteoporosis.[Abstract]
2. Adams J, Pepping J. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Aug 1;62(15):1574-81. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification
   Vitamin K is essential for the activation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which are involved not only in blood coagulation but in bone metabolism and the inhibition of arterial calcification. Several epidemiologic and intervention studies have found that vitamin K deficiency causes reductions in bone mineral density and increases the risk of fractures. Arterial calcification is an active, cell-controlled process that shares many similarities with bone metabolism. Concurrent arterial calcification and osteoporosis have been called the "calcification paradox" and occur frequently in postmenopausal women. The results of two dose-response studies have indicated that the amount of vitamin K needed for optimal gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin is significantly higher than what is provided through diet alone and that current dosage recommendations should be increased to optimize bone mineralization. Few adverse effects have been reported from oral vitamin K.[Abstract]
3. Luo LZ, Xu L. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2003 Jun;25(3):346-9. Vitamin K and osteoporosis
   There is a closely relationship between vitamin K and osteoporosis. As a cofactor for carboxylase activity, vitamin K can facilitate the conversion of glutamyl to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues and influence the synthesis and excretion of gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin to increase the formation of bone. Vitamin K can also effectively inhibit the absorption of bone mass. The American Medical Association recently has increased the dietary reference intakes of vitamin K to 90 mg/d for females and 120 mg/d for males.[Abstract]
4. Weber P. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):880-7. Vitamin K and bone health
   In the past decade it has become evident that vitamin K has a significant role to play in human health that is beyond its well-established function in blood clotting. There is a consistent line of evidence in human epidemiologic and intervention studies that clearly demonstrates that vitamin K can improve bone health. Most of these studies employed vitamin K(2) at rather high doses, a fact that has been criticized as a shortcoming of these studies. However, there is emerging evidence in human intervention studies that vitamin K(1) at a much lower dose may also benefit bone health, in particular when coadministered with vitamin D. The Institute of Medicine recently has increased the dietary reference intakes of vitamin K to 90 microg/d for females and 120 microg/d for males, which is an increase of approximately 50% from previous recommendations.[Abstract]
5. Plaza SM, Lamson DW. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Mar;10(1):24-35. Vitamin K2 in bone metabolism and osteoporosis
   This article covers in vitro, in vivo, and human data on the positive effect of vitamin K2 on osteoporosis. Data is available on vitamin K2 for osteoporosis caused by a number of conditions, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, biliary cirrhosis, stroke, and drug-induced osteoporosis. The activity of vitamin K2 involves both an increase in the bone-building process and a separate decrease in the bone-loss process. Vitamin K2 exerts a more powerful influence on bone than vitamin K1, and should be considered for prevention or treatment in those conditions known to contribute to osteoporosis.[Article]

Calcium

1. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337(10):670-6. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older
   In men and women 65 years of age or older who are living in the community, dietary supplementation with calcium and vitamin D moderately reduced bone loss measured in the femoral neck, spine, and total body over the three-year study period and reduced the incidence of nonvertebral fractures.[Article]
2. Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Apr 24;166(8):869-75. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women
   Supplementation with calcium carbonate tablets supplying 1200 mg/d is ineffective as a public health intervention in preventing clinical fractures in the ambulatory elderly population owing to poor long-term compliance, but it is effective in those patients who are compliant.[Article]
3. Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Recker R, Ahlf R, Thompson K. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 May;23(5):741-9. Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits
   Generalizing the findings to the population of 14,416 women who entered basic training at the Great Lakes during the 24 mo of recruitment, calcium and vitamin D supplementation for the entire cohort would have prevented approximately 187 persons from fracturing. Such a decrease in SFx would be associated with a significant decrease in morbidity and financial costs.[Abstract]
4. Gezondheidsraad Voedingsnormen calcium, vitamine D, thiamine, riboflavine, niacine, pantotheenzuur en biotine
   Omdat een overmatige calciuminneming de snelheid van botopbouw verlaagt, acht de commissie het bovendien niet uitgesloten dat dit tot een minder sterke botstructuur leidt.[Article]

DHEA

1. Sun Y, Mao M, Sun L, Feng Y, Yang J, Shen P. Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 Mar;115(3):402-4. Treatment of osteoporosis in men using dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
   The treatment of osteoporosis in men with DHEAS is safe and effective.[Artilce]
2. Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R. Clin Calcium. 2007 Sep;17(9):1334-40. Hormone replacement Up-to-date. Adrenopause and DHEA replacement therapy
   It is well known that serum levels of DHEA and its sulfate form DHEA-S decline along with aging. This phenomenon is called adrenopause in contrast to menopause. Experimental studies show that DHEA has many beneficial effects such as anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-osteoporosis effects.[Abstract]
3. Raven PW, Hinson JP. Menopause Int. 2007 Jun;13(2):75-8. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the menopause: an update
   Evidence has, however, accumulated for beneficial effects of DHEA on osteoporosis, both in postmenopausal women and in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy.[Article]
4. Adachi M, Takayanagi R. Clin Calcium. 2006 Jan;16(1):61-6. Role of androgens and DHEA in bone metabolism
   Androgens have a major role in the growth and the maintenance of both cancellous and cortical bone mass in men. Androgen receptor is expressed in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone marrow stromal cells. Androgens have been shown to regulate the expression and the activity of several cytokines and growth factors, and control the homeostasis in bones. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has a protective effect against osteoporosis in women after menopause through the intracrine mechanism in osteoblasts, which DHEA is converted to estrogen through the aromatase activity.[Abstract]
5. Villareal DT. Treat Endocrinol. 2002;1(6):349-57. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on bone mineral density: what implications for therapy?
   Because dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels decline dramatically with aging and low DHEA levels correlate with age-related diseases, it has been suggested that old age may represent a condition of DHEA deficiency. Accordingly, there have been some studies of the effects of restoring the DHEA levels of older individuals back to the normal range in the young. Emerging evidence from these studies shows that prasterone (DHEA replacement) may significantly enhance bone mineral density (BMD). In fact, the improvements of BMD in response to prasterone are accompanied not only by suppression of bone resorption but more importantly, stimulation of bone formation.[Abstract]

Soja isoflavonen complex

1. Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, Murray MJ, Cramer MA, Amato P, Young RL, Barnes S, Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ, Fraley JK, Konzelmann KL, Fischer JG, Smith EO. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1433-9. Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial
   Daily supplementation with 120 mg soy hypocotyl isoflavones reduces whole-body bone loss but does not slow bone loss at common fracture sites in healthy postmenopausal women.[Article]
2. Wu J, Oka J, Ezaki J, Ohtomo T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Toda T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Menopause. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):866-74. Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
   Our data suggest that the preventive effects of isoflavones on bone loss and fat accumulation in early postmenopausal women depend on an individual's equol-producing capacity.[Abstract]
3. Ye YB, Tang XY, Verbruggen MA, Su YX. Eur J Nutr. 2006 Sep;45(6):327-34. Epub 2006 Jun 8. Soy isoflavones attenuate bone loss in early postmenopausal Chinese women : a single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial
   There is a significantly dose-dependent effect of soy isoflavones on attenuating bone loss at the spine and femoral neck possibly via the inhibition of bone resorption in non-obese postmenopausal Chinese women with high Kuppermann Scale.[Abstract]
4. Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Levy L, Li SS, Qu P, Potter JD, Lampe JW. Maturitas. 2006 Oct 20;55(3):270-7. Soy protein and bone mineral density in older men and women: a randomized trial
   Soy protein containing isoflavones showed a modest benefit in preserving spine, but not hip BMD in older women.[Abstract]
5. Harkness LS, Fiedler K, Sehgal AR, Oravec D, Lerner E. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004 Nov;13(9):1000-7. Decreased bone resorption with soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal wome
   Soy isoflavone, in isolated form, was effective in this study to significantly decrease bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Further investigation needs to be done to evaluate the long-term effects of soy isoflavone on bone mass and fracture risk.[Abstract]
6. Mori M, Aizawa T, Tokoro M, Miki T, Yamori Y. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Dec;31 Soy isoflavone tablets reduce osteoporosis risk factors and obesity in middle-aged Japanese women
   This prospective DEXA study confirmed a long-term ISO supplementation, 100 mg/day could not only prevent menopausal bone resorption but also increase BMD and decrease body fat concomitantly with BMI reduction. Enough ISO supplementation may contribute to the risk reduction of osteoporosis and obesity and, thus to overall health promotion in menopausal women.[Abstract]
7. Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS, Ho SS, Woo JL. Menopause. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):246-54. Beneficial effect of soy isoflavones on bone mineral content was modified by years since menopause, body weight, and calcium intake: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
   The independent effect of soy on the maintenance of hip BMC is more marked in women in later menopause or those with lower BW or calcium intake.[Abstract]

Ipriflavon

1. Head KA. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Feb;4(1):10-22. Ipriflavone: an important bone-building isoflavone
   Ipriflavone, an isoflavone synthesized from the soy isoflavone daidzein, holds great promise in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. It has been widely studied in humans and found effective for inhibiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation, the net result being an increase in bone density and a decrease in fracture rates in osteoporotic women. Preliminary studies have also found ipriflavone effective in preventing bone loss associated with chronic steroid use, immobility, ovariectomy, renal osteodystrophy, and gonadotrophin hormone-releasing hormone agonists.[Article]
2. Reginster JY. Bone Miner. 1993 Dec;23(3):223-32. Ipriflavone: pharmacological properties and usefulness in postmenopausal osteoporosis
   Ipriflavone (IP) is an isoflavone derivative available in several countries for investigational and/or therapeutic use. Inhibition of bone resorption was demonstrated in several models, both in vitro and in vivo for IP and its metabolites. Clinical studies in Paget's disease of bone or primary hyperparathyroidism have confirmed preferential inhibition of bone resorption suggesting a clinical interest in postmenopausal osteoporosis. [Abstract]
3. Gennari C, Agnusdei D, Crepaldi G, Isaia G, Mazzuoli G, Ortolani S, Bufalino L, Passeri M. Menopause. 1998 Spring;5(1):9-15. Effect of ipriflavone--a synthetic derivative of natural isoflavones--on bone mass loss in the early years after menopause
   Ipriflavone prevents the rapid bone loss following early menopause. This effect is associated with a reduction of bone turnover rate.[Abstract]
4. Agnusdei D, Crepaldi G, Isaia G, Mazzuoli G, Ortolani S, Passeri M, Bufalino L, Gennari C. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997 Aug;61(2):142-7. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial of ipriflavone for prevention of postmenopausal spinal bone loss
   This study demonstrates that ipriflavone can prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass.[Abstract]
5. Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, Piaggesi L, Genazzani AR. Maturitas. 1997 Sep;28(1):75-81. Effects of combined low dose of the isoflavone derivative ipriflavone and estrogen replacement on bone mineral density and metabolism in postmenopausal women
   Postmenopausal IP administration, at the standard dose of 600 mg/day, can prevent the increase in bone turnover and the decrease in bone density that follow ovarian failure. The same effect can be obtained with the combined administration of low dose (400 mg/day) IP with low dose (0.3 mg/day) CE.[Abstract]
6. Agnusdei D, Crepaldi G, Isaia G, Mazzuoli G, Ortolani S, Passeri M, Bufalino L, Gennari C. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997 Aug;61(2):142-7. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial of ipriflavone for prevention of postmenopausal spinal bone loss
   This study demonstrates that ipriflavone can prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass.[Abstract]
7. Agnusdei D, Bufalino L. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61 Suppl 1:S23-7. Efficacy of ipriflavone in established osteoporosis and long-term safety
   The data from the above studies show that long-term treatment with i.p. may be considered safe, and may increase bone density and possibly prevent fractures in elderly patients with established osteoporosis.[Abstract]
8. Gennari C, Adami S, Agnusdei D, Bufalíno L, Cervetti R, Crepaldi G, Di Marco C, Di Munno O, Fantasia L, Isaia GC, Mazzuoli GF, Ortolani S, Passeri M, Serni U, Vecchiet L. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61 Suppl 1:S19-22. Effect of chronic treatment with ipriflavone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass
   The compliance to the oral long-term treatment was good. The results of these studies show that ipriflavone is able to prevent both axial and peripheral bone loss in PMW with low bone mass, and is well tolerated.[Abstract]
9. Kitatani K, Morii H. Nihon Rinsho. 1998 Jun;56(6):1537-43. Ipriflavone
   Recently, a large multicentral study, Ipriflavone Multicenter European Fracture Study (IMEFS), was designed in order to investigate the efficacy of ipriflavone on the prevention of vertebral and the effect on BMD in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.[Abstract]

Multivitamine

1. Gezondheidsraad 2008
   "Een onvoldoende vitamine D status komt onder alle lagen van de bevolking voor". Artikel
2. RIVM 2005
   "Het RIVM stelt in 2005 vast dat bij 50% van de deelnemers aan een voedingsonderzoek de inname van chroom lager uitkwam dan de Amerikaanse norm. Het RIVM heeft daarom besloten met prioriteit meer onderzoek te doen naar de chroom inname in Nederland." Artikel
3. In Engeland is de seleniuminname de laatste 20 jaar gedaald naar 30-40 microg/dag en daardoor onder de dagelijks aanbevolen dosis van 60 - 75 microg/dag gekomen
   In Nederland zal de situatie waarschijnlijk niet veel beter zijn. Abstract.
4. RIVM 2004
   "In dit rapport is de vitamine A inneming getoetst aan de behoefte. Voor 17 tot 30 procent van de volwassenen bleek de inneming inadequaat. Voor een aanzienlijk aantal daarvan was de vitamine A inneming meer dan 20 procent lager dan het niveau nodig om een adequate levervoorraad te kunnen handhaven." Artikel.
5. RIVM 2011
   "Uit de peiling blijkt ook dat een deel van de bevolking minder vitamine A, B1, C en E, magnesium, kalium en zink binnen krijgt dan wordt aanbevolen. Onderzoek is nodig naar de effecten hiervan op de gezondheid".Artikel.

Zinc

RCT
1. Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC, Johnson LK, Roughead ZK. Br J Nutr. 2011 Dec;106(12):1872-9. Reported zinc, but not copper, intakes influence whole-body bone density, mineral content and T score responses to zinc and copper supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women
   The findings indicate that Zn supplementation may be beneficial to bone health in postmenopausal women with usual Zn intakes < 8·0 mg/d but not in women consuming adequate amounts of Zn.[Abstract]
2. Rodondi A, Ammann P, Ghilardi-Beuret S, Rizzoli R. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 Jun;13(6):491-7. Zinc increases the effects of essential amino acids-whey protein supplements in frail elderly
   In the elderly, zinc supplementation accelerated the serum IGF-I response to EAA-W protein by 1 week and decreased a biochemical marker of bone resorption.[Abstract]
REVIEW
3. Yamaguchi M. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 May;338(1-2):241-54 Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis
   The oral administration of AHZ or zinc acexamate has the restorative effect on bone loss under various pathophysiologic conditions including aging, skeletal unloading, aluminum bone toxicity, calcium- and vitamin D-deficiency, adjuvant arthritis, estrogen deficiency, diabetes, and fracture healing. Zinc compounds may be designed as new supplementation factor in the prevention and therapy of osteoporosis.[Abstract]
4. Lowe NM, Lowe NM, Fraser WD, Jackson MJ. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 May;61(2):181-5. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis
   One factor contributing to bone loss in the elderly may be a subclinical Zn and/or Cu deficiency, due to a reduced dietary intake of micronutrients and reduced absorption (Thomson & Keelan, 1986). Zn and Cu are essential cofactors for enzymes involved in the synthesis of various bone matrix constituents. Paradoxically, Ca supplementation may accentuate the problem of reduced Zn and Cu levels by impairing the absorption of simultaneously-ingested Zn and the retention of Cu (Snedeker et al. 1982; Grekas et al. 1988)..[Abstract]
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Nutrition

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